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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" prefix="schema: https://schema.org/ rdf: http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# dcterms: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ oa: http://www.w3.org/ns/oa# cito: http://purl.org/spar/cito/ prov: http://www.w3.org/ns/prov# as: https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams# sio: http://semanticscience.org/resource/ na: https://w3id.org/nanoarguments/ np: http://www.nanopub.org/nschema# npx: http://purl.org/nanopub/x/ sh: http://www.w3.org/ns/shacl#">
<head>
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<title>Nanoarguments: Nanopublication Templates</title>
<link rel="canonical" href="https://knowledgepixels.com/nanoarguments/templates.html" />
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<article about="" typeof="schema:Article" prefix="schema: https://schema.org/">
<h1 property="schema:name">Nanoarguments: Nanopublication Templates</h1>
<dl id="document-authors">
<dt>Author</dt>
<dd id="Virginia-Balseiro"><a href="https://virginiabalseiro.com/#me" rel="schema:creator schema:author" typeof="schema:Person">Virginia Balseiro</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl id="document-license">
<dt>License</dt>
<dd><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="schema:license">CC BY 4.0</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl id="document-related">
<dt>Related</dt>
<dd><a href="model.html" rel="schema:isPartOf">Vocabulary Survey and Model Specification</a></dd>
</dl>
<section id="introduction" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#introduction" inlist>
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>The Nanoarguments <strong>nanopublication templates</strong> are the reusable forms authoring tools use to
produce discourse contributions, evidence findings, questions, and annotations as nanopublications, following
the <a href="model.html">Nanoarguments model</a>. Each is shown inline as a snapshot, with a link to the
published nanopublication, which is the authoritative version. The
<a href="shapes.html">conformance shapes</a> validate the instances these templates generate.</p>
</section>
<section id="anatomy" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#anatomy" inlist>
<h2>Anatomy of a template</h2>
<p>A template is a nanopublication with the usual four graphs (Head, assertion, provenance, publication info).
The <code>assertion</code> graph declares an <code>nt:AssertionTemplate</code> that lists its statements and
defines each <em>placeholder</em> (a field the author fills) and its type: introduced resource, long-literal,
restricted choice, external URI, and so on. Optional and repeatable statements are flagged. The
<code>discourse-contribution</code> template below shows the full structure; the others share the same
wrapper, so only their assertion graphs are shown. Snapshots leave out the RSA signature block and
Nanodash display labels, marked with <code># …</code> comments; the published nanopublication
linked under each snapshot is the complete, signed record.</p>
<pre><code>@prefix this: <https://w3id.org/np/RAFpID-NunXGUAZebXPfhD9efjvfpZqB5gDBrgP2Lp5N8> .
@prefix sub: <https://w3id.org/np/RAFpID-NunXGUAZebXPfhD9efjvfpZqB5gDBrgP2Lp5N8/> .
@prefix gen: <https://w3id.org/kpxl/gen/terms/> .
@prefix np: <http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#> .
@prefix dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix nt: <https://w3id.org/np/o/ntemplate/> .
@prefix npx: <http://purl.org/nanopub/x/> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix orcid: <https://orcid.org/> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
sub:Head {
this: a np:Nanopublication;
np:hasAssertion sub:assertion;
np:hasProvenance sub:provenance;
np:hasPublicationInfo sub:pubinfo .
}
sub:assertion {
# … display labels for external terms omitted …
sub:evidence a nt:ExternalUriPlaceholder .
sub:st1 a rdf:Statement;
rdf:object <https://schema.org/Statement>;
rdf:predicate rdf:type;
rdf:subject sub:statement .
sub:st2 a rdf:Statement;
rdf:object sub:statementText;
rdf:predicate rdf:value;
rdf:subject sub:statement .
sub:st3 a nt:OptionalStatement;
rdf:object sub:target;
rdf:predicate sub:stance;
rdf:subject sub:statement .
sub:st4 a nt:OptionalStatement;
rdf:object sub:target;
rdf:predicate <https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#inReplyTo>;
rdf:subject sub:statement .
sub:st5 a nt:OptionalStatement, nt:RepeatableStatement;
rdf:object sub:evidence;
rdf:predicate <http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsEvidence>;
rdf:subject sub:statement .
sub:stance a nt:RestrictedChoicePlaceholder;
nt:possibleValuesFrom <https://w3id.org/np/RAZt5kzfoJg2m4dMRdMm2SP6JeUDD_GMzSq9xyRPMgP5k> .
sub:statement a nt:IntroducedResource .
sub:statementText a nt:LongLiteralPlaceholder;
rdfs:label "statement text" .
sub:target a nt:ExternalUriPlaceholder .
sub:template a nt:AssertionTemplate;
dct:description "A discourse statement that takes a typed (CiTO) stance toward, and/or replies to, another contribution, and may cite evidence. A statement with no stance, reply, or evidence is a valid standalone claim (e.g. a thread root).";
dct:isVersionOf sub:templateKind;
rdfs:label "Discourse contribution";
gen:governedBy <https://w3id.org/spaces/knowledgepixels/nanoarguments>;
nt:hasStatement sub:st1, sub:st2, sub:st3, sub:st4, sub:st5;
nt:hasTag "Discourse" .
}
sub:provenance {
sub:assertion prov:wasAttributedTo orcid:0009-0009-0118-9195 .
}
sub:pubinfo {
this: dct:created "2026-07-14T09:13:10.856Z"^^xsd:dateTime;
dct:creator orcid:0000-0002-1267-0234, orcid:0009-0009-0118-9195;
dct:license <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/>;
npx:embeds sub:template;
npx:introduces sub:templateKind;
npx:wasCreatedAt <https://nanodash.knowledgepixels.com/>;
prov:wasDerivedFrom <https://w3id.org/np/RAsHohypO12gewyyusDEH_aI3z7GE-36tXIkr_ev8eITc>;
nt:wasCreatedFromProvenanceTemplate <https://w3id.org/np/RA7lSq6MuK_TIC6JMSHvLtee3lpLoZDOqLJCLXevnrPoU>;
nt:wasCreatedFromPubinfoTemplate <https://w3id.org/np/RACJ58Gvyn91LqCKIO9zu1eijDQIeEff28iyDrJgjSJF8>,
<https://w3id.org/np/RAMEgudZsQ1bh1fZhfYnkthqH6YSXpghSE_DEN1I-6eAI>, <https://w3id.org/np/RARW4MsFkHuwjycNElvEVtuMjpf4yWDL10-0C5l2MqqRQ>,
<https://w3id.org/np/RAukAcWHRDlkqxk7H2XNSegc1WnHI569INvNr-xdptDGI>;
nt:wasCreatedFromTemplate <https://w3id.org/np/RAKmcrbEVkxF0ivA0_yGg8bnl6iKkwVDp_2SSHvPBrkPw/template> .
# … RSA signature (sub:sig), author names, and display labels omitted …
}</code></pre>
<p class="artifact-links">Published: <a href="https://w3id.org/np/RAFpID-NunXGUAZebXPfhD9efjvfpZqB5gDBrgP2Lp5N8/templateKind"><code>RAFpID-N…/templateKind</code></a></p>
<p>Placeholders draw restricted choices from a <em>value-list nanopublication</em> via
<code>nt:possibleValuesFrom</code>: the stance placeholder draws the full CiTO predicate set from the published
<code>cito-choices</code> list. Statements <code>st3</code>-<code>st5</code> are optional, so a
statement with no stance, reply, or evidence is a valid standalone claim (a thread root).</p>
</section>
<section id="templates" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#templates" inlist>
<h2>The templates</h2>
<section id="t-discourse" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#t-discourse" inlist>
<h3>Discourse contribution</h3>
<p>The <strong>direct</strong> representation: the statement is a first-class content node
(<code>schema:Statement</code>) carrying its discourse relations as plain triples: a typed CiTO stance
and/or an <code>as:inReplyTo</code> reply to another contribution, plus optional cited evidence. Shown in
full under <a href="#anatomy">Anatomy</a> above.</p>
<p class="artifact-links">Published: <a href="https://w3id.org/np/RAFpID-NunXGUAZebXPfhD9efjvfpZqB5gDBrgP2Lp5N8/templateKind"><code>RAFpID-N…/templateKind</code></a></p>
</section>
<section id="t-annotation" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#t-annotation" inlist>
<h3>Annotation as a discourse contribution</h3>
<p>The same discourse statement wrapped as an <code>oa:Annotation</code> that anchors it to a target.
<code>oa:hasBody</code> references the statement <em>by IRI</em>, so the body is an external web resource
(a first-class content node, not embedded annotation text). The target is an
<code>oa:SpecificResource</code>, optionally narrowed to a passage with an <code>oa:TextQuoteSelector</code>
(leave the selector empty to anchor to the whole resource).</p>
<pre><code>sub:assertion {
sub:annotation a nt:LocalResource .
sub:exactText a nt:LongLiteralPlaceholder .
sub:motivation a nt:RestrictedChoicePlaceholder;
nt:possibleValuesFrom <https://w3id.org/np/RACsOf8k6zeAMnUDOjv2IkCKgQmom-2VRNTKKt70kc57k> .
sub:prefixText a nt:LiteralPlaceholder .
sub:specificResource a nt:LocalResource .
sub:st1 rdf:object <https://schema.org/Statement>;
rdf:predicate rdf:type;
rdf:subject sub:statement .
sub:st10 rdf:object sub:anchor;
rdf:predicate <http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#hasSource>;
rdf:subject sub:specificResource .
sub:st11 a nt:OptionalStatement;
rdf:object sub:selector;
rdf:predicate <http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#hasSelector>;
rdf:subject sub:specificResource .
sub:st12 a nt:OptionalStatement;
rdf:object <http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#TextQuoteSelector>;
rdf:predicate rdf:type;
rdf:subject sub:selector .
sub:st13 a nt:OptionalStatement;
rdf:object sub:exactText;
rdf:predicate <http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#exact>;
rdf:subject sub:selector .
sub:st14 a nt:OptionalStatement;
rdf:object sub:prefixText;
rdf:predicate <http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#prefix>;
rdf:subject sub:selector .
sub:st15 a nt:OptionalStatement;
rdf:object sub:suffixText;
rdf:predicate <http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#suffix>;
rdf:subject sub:selector .
sub:st2 rdf:object sub:statementText;
rdf:predicate rdf:value;
rdf:subject sub:statement .
sub:st3 a nt:OptionalStatement;
rdf:object sub:target;
rdf:predicate sub:stance;
rdf:subject sub:statement .
sub:st4 a nt:OptionalStatement;
rdf:object sub:target;
rdf:predicate <https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#inReplyTo>;
rdf:subject sub:statement .
sub:st5 rdf:object <http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#Annotation>;
rdf:predicate rdf:type;
rdf:subject sub:annotation .
sub:st6 rdf:object sub:statement;
rdf:predicate <http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#hasBody>;
rdf:subject sub:annotation .
sub:st7 rdf:object sub:specificResource;
rdf:predicate <http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#hasTarget>;
rdf:subject sub:annotation .
sub:st8 rdf:object sub:motivation;
rdf:predicate <http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#motivatedBy>;
rdf:subject sub:annotation .
sub:st9 rdf:object <http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#SpecificResource>;
rdf:predicate rdf:type;
rdf:subject sub:specificResource .
sub:stance a nt:RestrictedChoicePlaceholder;
nt:possibleValuesFrom <https://w3id.org/np/RAZt5kzfoJg2m4dMRdMm2SP6JeUDD_GMzSq9xyRPMgP5k> .
sub:statement a nt:IntroducedResource .
sub:statementText a nt:LongLiteralPlaceholder .
sub:suffixText a nt:LiteralPlaceholder .
sub:target a nt:ExternalUriPlaceholder .
sub:template a nt:AssertionTemplate;
dct:description "A Web Annotation whose body is a discourse statement taking a typed (CiTO) stance toward, and/or replying to, the annotated target. oa:hasBody references the statement by IRI, so the body is an external web resource. The target is an oa:SpecificResource, optionally narrowed to a passage with an oa:TextQuoteSelector.";
dct:isVersionOf sub:templateKind;
rdfs:label "Annotation as a discourse contribution";
gen:governedBy <https://w3id.org/spaces/knowledgepixels/nanoarguments>;
nt:hasStatement sub:st1, sub:st10, sub:st11, sub:st12, sub:st13, sub:st14, sub:st15,
sub:st2, sub:st3, sub:st4, sub:st5, sub:st6, sub:st7, sub:st8, sub:st9;
nt:hasTag "Discourse" .
}</code></pre>
<p class="artifact-links">Published: <a href="https://w3id.org/np/RATxyPikKUvLwqijI4T_fvaHE758DsxgXhOq0m6KiLlEI/templateKind"><code>RATxyPik…/templateKind</code></a></p>
</section>
<section id="t-evidence" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#t-evidence" inlist>
<h3>Evidence finding</h3>
<p>An ordinary discourse contribution (a <code>schema:Statement</code> with a CiTO stance)
<strong>additionally typed</strong> as the SIO evidence class (<code>sio:SIO_001394</code>), pointed at the
claim it bears on. It is still a valued statement with a CiTO relation, so it flows through the same
discourse queries as any other contribution, and a receiver that does not understand the evidence type still
sees a statement supporting or disputing a claim. Finer-grained evidence typing (ECO) is a deferred, optional
extension.</p>
<pre><code>sub:assertion {
sub:claim a nt:ExternalUriPlaceholder .
sub:finding a nt:IntroducedResource .
sub:findingText a nt:LongLiteralPlaceholder .
sub:st1 rdf:object <https://schema.org/Statement>;
rdf:predicate rdf:type;
rdf:subject sub:finding .
sub:st2 rdf:object <http://semanticscience.org/resource/SIO_001394>;
rdf:predicate rdf:type;
rdf:subject sub:finding .
sub:st3 rdf:object sub:findingText;
rdf:predicate rdf:value;
rdf:subject sub:finding .
sub:st4 rdf:object sub:claim;
rdf:predicate sub:stance;
rdf:subject sub:finding .
sub:stance a nt:RestrictedChoicePlaceholder;
nt:possibleValuesFrom <https://w3id.org/np/RAZt5kzfoJg2m4dMRdMm2SP6JeUDD_GMzSq9xyRPMgP5k> .
sub:template a nt:AssertionTemplate;
dct:description "A finding presented as evidence: a statement typed as the SIO evidence class that bears on a claim through a typed (CiTO) relation. It is an ordinary discourse contribution (a schema:Statement carrying rdf:value and a CiTO stance) additionally typed as evidence, so it flows through the same discourse queries as any other contribution.";
dct:isVersionOf sub:templateKind;
rdfs:label "Evidence finding";
gen:governedBy <https://w3id.org/spaces/knowledgepixels/nanoarguments>;
nt:hasStatement sub:st1, sub:st2, sub:st3, sub:st4;
nt:hasTag "Discourse" .
}</code></pre>
<p class="artifact-links">Published: <a href="https://w3id.org/np/RAdGQVeqqUoTNJe52OSMhY8EX1MkFA1LI4oQh-NAgrYV8/templateKind"><code>RAdGQVeq…/templateKind</code></a></p>
</section>
<section id="t-question" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#t-question" inlist>
<h3>Question</h3>
<p>A <code>schema:Question</code> posed to the discourse graph: the same shape as a discourse contribution,
typed as a question. Unlike statements, a question relates to its target through a
<strong>narrow, non-affirmative</strong> subset of CiTO, challenging it
(<code>disputes</code>, <code>critiques</code>, <code>qualifies</code>, <code>corrects</code>) or neutrally
discussing it (<code>discusses</code>), never supporting or agreeing. These are supplied inline as
<code>nt:possibleValue</code> rather than pulled from the full CiTO list.</p>
<pre><code>sub:assertion {
sub:evidence a nt:ExternalUriPlaceholder .
sub:question a nt:IntroducedResource .
sub:questionText a nt:LongLiteralPlaceholder .
sub:st1 rdf:object <https://schema.org/Question>;
rdf:predicate rdf:type;
rdf:subject sub:question .
sub:st2 rdf:object sub:questionText;
rdf:predicate rdf:value;
rdf:subject sub:question .
sub:st3 rdf:object sub:target;
rdf:predicate sub:stance;
rdf:subject sub:question .
sub:st4 rdf:object sub:target;
rdf:predicate <https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#inReplyTo>;
rdf:subject sub:question .
sub:st5 rdf:object sub:evidence;
rdf:predicate <http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsEvidence>;
rdf:subject sub:question .
sub:stance a nt:RestrictedChoicePlaceholder;
nt:possibleValue <http://purl.org/spar/cito/corrects>, <http://purl.org/spar/cito/critiques>,
<http://purl.org/spar/cito/discusses>, <http://purl.org/spar/cito/disputes>, <http://purl.org/spar/cito/qualifies> .
sub:target a nt:ExternalUriPlaceholder .
sub:template a nt:AssertionTemplate;
dct:description "A question posed to the discourse graph: a schema:Question carrying its text in rdf:value. It may reply to a prior contribution (as:inReplyTo), or carry a rhetorical CiTO stance toward one when the question implicitly challenges its target (e.g. cito:disputes), and may cite evidence. Answers are separate contributions that target this question. A standalone question with no target is valid.";
dct:isVersionOf sub:templateKind;
rdfs:label "Question";
gen:governedBy <https://w3id.org/spaces/knowledgepixels/nanoarguments>;
nt:hasStatement sub:st1, sub:st2, sub:st3, sub:st4, sub:st5;
nt:hasTag "Discourse" .
}</code></pre>
<p class="artifact-links">Published: <a href="https://w3id.org/np/RAOp9i7XUKKJhT4qIvtCA6LpXj9Hq7qkhsZ1MrLP7UfHE/templateKind"><code>RAOp9i7X…/templateKind</code></a></p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="published" rel="schema:hasPart" resource="#published" inlist>
<h2>Published templates</h2>
<p>Each template is a <em>maintained resource</em> of the
<a href="https://w3id.org/spaces/knowledgepixels/nanoarguments">Nanoarguments space</a>, linked here by its
<strong>template kind</strong>: the stable identifier that stays the same across versions (each published
version declares <code>dct:isVersionOf</code> the kind). The snapshots on this page show the version current
at the time of writing.</p>
<table>
<thead><tr><th>Template</th><th>Nanopublication</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td>Discourse contribution</td><td><a href="https://w3id.org/np/RAFpID-NunXGUAZebXPfhD9efjvfpZqB5gDBrgP2Lp5N8/templateKind"><code>RAFpID-NunXGUAZebXPfhD9efjvfpZqB5gDBrgP2Lp5N8/templateKind</code></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Annotation as a discourse contribution</td><td><a href="https://w3id.org/np/RATxyPikKUvLwqijI4T_fvaHE758DsxgXhOq0m6KiLlEI/templateKind"><code>RATxyPikKUvLwqijI4T_fvaHE758DsxgXhOq0m6KiLlEI/templateKind</code></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Evidence finding</td><td><a href="https://w3id.org/np/RAdGQVeqqUoTNJe52OSMhY8EX1MkFA1LI4oQh-NAgrYV8/templateKind"><code>RAdGQVeqqUoTNJe52OSMhY8EX1MkFA1LI4oQh-NAgrYV8/templateKind</code></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Question</td><td><a href="https://w3id.org/np/RAOp9i7XUKKJhT4qIvtCA6LpXj9Hq7qkhsZ1MrLP7UfHE/templateKind"><code>RAOp9i7XUKKJhT4qIvtCA6LpXj9Hq7qkhsZ1MrLP7UfHE/templateKind</code></a></td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</article>
</main>
</body>
</html>