Add logical facts and refine cardinality semantics

[chopradish]

Problem

The estimator mixed value lineage and predicate constraints with estimation policy, making repeated predicates and join domains hard to reason about.

Changes

Added logical-facts analysis and used its equivalence, range, nullability, and key facts in non-sketch cardinality estimation.

How do you know it works?

Logical-facts and core analysis tests pass without default features, and workspace Clippy passes.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 88.38235% with 79 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
⚠️ Please upload report for BASE (stack/cardinality-03-suite-workflows@41febc0). Learn more about missing BASE report.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
optd/core/src/analysis/logical_facts.rs	88.3%	79 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
optd/core/src/analysis.rs	93.3% <ø> (ø)
optd/core/src/catalog.rs	83.4% <100.0%> (ø)
optd/core/src/lib.rs	86.5% <ø> (ø)
optd/core/src/analysis/logical_facts.rs	88.3% <88.3%> (ø)

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